Policy Reference Edit

Assignment and Equality

# assign variable x to value of field foo.bar.baz in input
x := input.foo.bar.baz

# check if variable x has same value as variable y
x == y

# check if variable x is a set containing "foo" and "bar"
x == {"foo", "bar"}

# OR

{"foo", "bar"} == x

Lookup

Arrays

# lookup value at index 0
val := arr[0]

 # check if value at index 0 is "foo"
"foo" == arr[0]

# find all indices i that have value "foo"
"foo" == arr[i]

# lookup last value
val := arr[count(arr)-1]

# with `import future.keywords.in`
some 0, val in arr   # lookup value at index 0
0, "foo" in arr      # check if value at index 0 is "foo"
some i, "foo" in arr # find all indices i that have value "foo"

Objects

# lookup value for key "foo"
val := obj["foo"]

# check if value for key "foo" is "bar"
"bar" == obj["foo"]

# OR

"bar" == obj.foo

# check if key "foo" exists and is not false
obj.foo

# check if key assigned to variable k exists
k := "foo"
obj[k]

# check if path foo.bar.baz exists and is not false
obj.foo.bar.baz

# check if path foo.bar.baz, foo.bar, or foo does not exist or is false
not obj.foo.bar.baz

# with `import future.keywords.in`
o := {"foo": false}
# check if value exists: the expression will be true
false in o
# check if value for key "foo" is false
"foo", false in o

Sets

# check if "foo" belongs to the set
a_set["foo"]

# check if "foo" DOES NOT belong to the set
not a_set["foo"]

# check if the array ["a", "b", "c"] belongs to the set
a_set[["a", "b", "c"]]

# find all arrays of the form [x, "b", z] in the set
a_set[[x, "b", z]]

# with `import future.keywords.in`
"foo" in a_set
not "foo" in a_set
some ["a", "b", "c"] in a_set
some [x, "b", z] in a_set

Iteration

Arrays

# iterate over indices i
arr[i]

# iterate over values
val := arr[_]

# iterate over index/value pairs
val := arr[i]

# with `import future.keywords.in`
some val in arr    # iterate over values
some i, _ in arr   # iterate over indices
some i, val in arr # iterate over index/value pairs

Objects

# iterate over keys
obj[key]

# iterate over values
val := obj[_]

# iterate over key/value pairs
val := obj[key]

# with `import future.keywords.in`
some val in obj      # iterate over values
some key, _ in obj   # iterate over keys
some key, val in obj # key/value pairs

Sets

# iterate over values
set[val]

# with `import future.keywords.in`
some val in set

Advanced

# nested: find key k whose bar.baz array index i is 7
foo[k].bar.baz[i] == 7

# simultaneous: find keys in objects foo and bar with same value
foo[k1] == bar[k2]

# simultaneous self: find 2 keys in object foo with same value
foo[k1] == foo[k2]; k1 != k2

# multiple conditions: k has same value in both conditions
foo[k].bar.baz[i] == 7; foo[k].qux > 3

For All

# assert no values in set match predicate
count({x | set[x]; f(x)}) == 0

# assert all values in set make function f true
count({x | set[x]; f(x)}) == count(set)

# assert no values in set make function f true (using negation and helper rule)
not any_match

# assert all values in set make function f true (using negation and helper rule)
not any_not_match
any_match if {
    some x in set
    f(x)
}

any_not_match if {
    some x in set
    not f(x)
}

Rules

In the examples below ... represents one or more conditions.

Constants

a := {1, 2, 3}
b := {4, 5, 6}
c := a | b

Conditionals (Boolean)

# p is true if ...
p := true { ... }

# OR
p if { ... }

# OR
p { ... }

Conditionals

default a := 1
a := 5   if { ... }
a := 100 if { ... }

Incremental

# a_set will contain values of x and values of y
a_set[x] { ... }
a_set[y] { ... }

# alternatively, with future.keywords.contains and future.keywords.if
a_set contains x if { ... }
a_set contains y if { ... }

# a_map will contain key->value pairs x->y and w->z
a_map[x] := y if { ... }
a_map[w] := z if { ... }

Ordered (Else)

default a := 1
a := 5 if { ... }
else := 10 { ... }

Functions (Boolean)

f(x, y) if {
    ...
}

# OR

f(x, y) := true if {
    ...
}

Functions (Conditionals)

f(x) := "A" if { x >= 90 }
f(x) := "B" if { x >= 80; x < 90 }
f(x) := "C" if { x >= 70; x < 80 }

Tests

# define a rule that starts with test_
test_NAME { ... }

# override input.foo value using the 'with' keyword
data.foo.bar.deny with input.foo as {"bar": [1,2,3]}}

Built-in Functions

The built-in functions for the language provide basic operations to manipulate scalar values (e.g. numbers and strings), and aggregate functions that summarize complex types.

Comparison

x == y

result := x == y

x
(any)
y
(any)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is equal to y; false otherwise
Wasm
x > y

result := x > y

x
(any)
y
(any)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is greater than y; false otherwise
Wasm
x >= y

result := x >= y

x
(any)
y
(any)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is greater or equal to y; false otherwise
Wasm
x < y

result := x < y

x
(any)
y
(any)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is less than y; false otherwise
Wasm
x <= y

result := x <= y

x
(any)
y
(any)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is less than or equal to y; false otherwise
Wasm
x != y

result := x != y

x
(any)
y
(any)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is not equal to y; false otherwise
Wasm

Numbers

abs

y := abs(x)

Returns the number without its sign.

x
(number)
Returns:
y
(number)
the absolute value of x
Wasm
ceil

y := ceil(x)

Rounds the number up to the nearest integer.

x
(number)
the number to round
Returns:
y
(number)
the result of rounding x up
x / y

z := x / y

Divides the first number by the second number.

x
(number)
the dividend
y
(number)
the divisor
Returns:
z
(number)
the result of x divided by y
Wasm
floor

y := floor(x)

Rounds the number down to the nearest integer.

x
(number)
the number to round
Returns:
y
(number)
the result of rounding x down
x - y

z := x - y

Minus subtracts the second number from the first number or computes the difference between two sets.

x
(any<number, set[any]>)
y
(any<number, set[any]>)
Returns:
z
(any<number, set[any]>)
the difference of x and y
Wasm
x * y

z := x * y

Multiplies two numbers.

x
(number)
y
(number)
Returns:
z
(number)
the product of x and y
Wasm
numbers.range

range := numbers.range(a, b)

Returns an array of numbers in the given (inclusive) range. If a==b, then range == [a]; if a > b, then range is in descending order.

a
(number)
b
(number)
Returns:
range
(array[number])
the range between a and b
x + y

z := x + y

Plus adds two numbers together.

x
(number)
y
(number)
Returns:
z
(number)
the sum of x and y
Wasm
rand.intn

y := rand.intn(str, n)

Returns a random integer between 0 and n (n exlusive). If n is 0, then y is always 0. For any given argument pair (str, n), the output will be consistent throughout a query evaluation.

str
(string)
n
(number)
Returns:
y
(number)
random integer in the range [0, abs(n))
v0.31.0 SDK-dependent
x % y

z := x % y

Returns the remainder for of x divided by y, for y != 0.

x
(number)
y
(number)
Returns:
z
(number)
the remainder
Wasm
round

y := round(x)

Rounds the number to the nearest integer.

x
(number)
the number to round
Returns:
y
(number)
the result of rounding x
Wasm

Aggregates

count

n := count(collection)

Count takes a collection or string and returns the number of elements (or characters) in it.

collection
(any<string, array[any], object[any: any], set[any]>)
the set/array/object/string to be counted
Returns:
n
(number)
the count of elements, key/val pairs, or characters, respectively.
Wasm
max

n := max(collection)

Returns the maximum value in a collection.

collection
(any<array[any], set[any]>)
Returns:
n
(any)
the maximum of all elements
Wasm
min

n := min(collection)

Returns the minimum value in a collection.

collection
(any<array[any], set[any]>)
Returns:
n
(any)
the minimum of all elements
Wasm
product

n := product(collection)

Muliplies elements of an array or set of numbers

collection
(any<array[number], set[number]>)
Returns:
n
(number)
the product of all elements
Wasm
sort

n := sort(collection)

Returns a sorted array.

collection
(any<array[any], set[any]>)
the array or set to be sorted
Returns:
n
(array[any])
the sorted array
Wasm
sum

n := sum(collection)

Sums elements of an array or set of numbers.

collection
(any<array[number], set[number]>)
Returns:
n
(number)
the sum of all elements
Wasm

Arrays

array.concat

z := array.concat(x, y)

Concatenates two arrays.

x
(array[any])
y
(array[any])
Returns:
z
(array[any])
the concatenation of x and y
Wasm
array.reverse

rev := array.reverse(arr)

Returns the reverse of a given array.

arr
(array[any])
the array to be reversed
Returns:
rev
(array[any])
an array containing the elements of arr in reverse order
array.slice

slice := array.slice(arr, start, stop)

Returns a slice of a given array. If start is greater or equal than stop, slice is [].

arr
(array[any])
the array to be sliced
start
(number)
the start index of the returned slice; if less than zero, it’s clamped to 0
stop
(number)
the stop index of the returned slice; if larger than count(arr), it’s clamped to count(arr)
Returns:
slice
(array[any])
the subslice of array, from start to end, including arr[start], but excluding arr[end]
Wasm

Sets

x & y

z := x & y

Returns the intersection of two sets.

x
(set[any])
y
(set[any])
Returns:
z
(set[any])
the intersection of x and y
Wasm
intersection

y := intersection(xs)

Returns the intersection of the given input sets.

xs
(set[set[any]])
set of sets to intersect
Returns:
y
(set[any])
the intersection of all xs sets
Wasm
x - y

z := x - y

Minus subtracts the second number from the first number or computes the difference between two sets.

x
(any<number, set[any]>)
y
(any<number, set[any]>)
Returns:
z
(any<number, set[any]>)
the difference of x and y
Wasm
x | y

z := x | y

Returns the union of two sets.

x
(set[any])
y
(set[any])
Returns:
z
(set[any])
the union of x and y
Wasm
union

y := union(xs)

Returns the union of the given input sets.

xs
(set[set[any]])
set of sets to merge
Returns:
y
(set[any])
the union of all xs sets
Wasm

Objects

json.filter

filtered := json.filter(object, paths)

Filters the object. For example: json.filter({"a": {"b": "x", "c": "y"}}, ["a/b"]) will result in {"a": {"b": "x"}}). Paths are not filtered in-order and are deduplicated before being evaluated.

object
(object[any: any])
paths
(any<array[any<string, array[any]>], set[any<string, array[any]>]>)
JSON string paths
Returns:
filtered
(any)
remaining data from object with only keys specified in paths
Wasm
json.patch

output := json.patch(object, patches)

Patches an object according to RFC6902. For example: json.patch({"a": {"foo": 1}}, [{"op": "add", "path": "/a/bar", "value": 2}]) results in {"a": {"foo": 1, "bar": 2}. The patches are applied atomically: if any of them fails, the result will be undefined.

object
(any)
patches
(array[object<op: string, path: any>[any: any]])
Returns:
output
(any)
result obtained after consecutively applying all patch operations in patches
v0.25.0 SDK-dependent
json.remove

output := json.remove(object, paths)

Removes paths from an object. For example: json.remove({"a": {"b": "x", "c": "y"}}, ["a/b"]) will result in {"a": {"c": "y"}}. Paths are not removed in-order and are deduplicated before being evaluated.

object
(object[any: any])
paths
(any<array[any<string, array[any]>], set[any<string, array[any]>]>)
JSON string paths
Returns:
output
(any)
result of removing all keys specified in paths
object.filter

filtered := object.filter(object, keys)

Filters the object by keeping only specified keys. For example: object.filter({"a": {"b": "x", "c": "y"}, "d": "z"}, ["a"]) will result in {"a": {"b": "x", "c": "y"}}).

object
(object[any: any])
object to filter keys
keys
(any<array[any], object[any: any], set[any]>)
Returns:
filtered
(any)
remaining data from object with only keys specified in keys
object.get

value := object.get(object, key, default)

Returns value of an object’s key if present, otherwise a default. If the supplied key is an array, then object.get will search through a nested object or array using each key in turn. For example: object.get({"a": [{ "b": true }]}, ["a", 0, "b"], false) results in true.

object
(object[any: any])
object to get key from
key
(any)
key to lookup in object
default
(any)
default to use when lookup fails
Returns:
value
(any)
object[key] if present, otherwise default
Wasm
object.remove

output := object.remove(object, keys)

Removes specified keys from an object.

object
(object[any: any])
object to remove keys from
keys
(any<array[any], object[any: any], set[any]>)
keys to remove from x
Returns:
output
(any)
result of removing the specified keys from object
object.subset

result := object.subset(super, sub)

Determines if an object sub is a subset of another object super.Object sub is a subset of object super if and only if every key in sub is also in super, and for all keys which sub and super share, they have the same value. This function works with objects, sets, arrays and a set of array and set.If both arguments are objects, then the operation is recursive, e.g. {"c": {"x": {10, 15, 20}} is a subset of {"a": "b", "c": {"x": {10, 15, 20, 25}, "y": "z"}. If both arguments are sets, then this function checks if every element of sub is a member of super, but does not attempt to recurse. If both arguments are arrays, then this function checks if sub appears contiguously in order within super, and also does not attempt to recurse. If super is array and sub is set, then this function checks if super contains every element of sub with no consideration of ordering, and also does not attempt to recurse.

super
(any<array[any], object[any: any], set[any]>)
object to test if sub is a subset of
sub
(any<array[any], object[any: any], set[any]>)
object to test if super is a superset of
Returns:
result
(any)
true if sub is a subset of super
v0.42.0 SDK-dependent
object.union

output := object.union(a, b)

Creates a new object of the asymmetric union of two objects. For example: object.union({"a": 1, "b": 2, "c": {"d": 3}}, {"a": 7, "c": {"d": 4, "e": 5}}) will result in {"a": 7, "b": 2, "c": {"d": 4, "e": 5}}.

a
(object[any: any])
b
(object[any: any])
Returns:
output
(any)
a new object which is the result of an asymmetric recursive union of two objects where conflicts are resolved by choosing the key from the right-hand object b
object.union_n

output := object.union_n(objects)

Creates a new object that is the asymmetric union of all objects merged from left to right. For example: object.union_n([{"a": 1}, {"b": 2}, {"a": 3}]) will result in {"b": 2, "a": 3}.

objects
(array[object[any: any]])
Returns:
output
(any)
asymmetric recursive union of all objects in objects, merged from left to right, where conflicts are resolved by choosing the key from the right-hand object
v0.37.0 SDK-dependent
  • When keys are provided as an object only the top level keys on the object will be used, values are ignored. For example: object.remove({"a": {"b": {"c": 2}}, "x": 123}, {"a": 1}) == {"x": 123} regardless of the value for key a in the keys object, the following keys object gives the same result object.remove({"a": {"b": {"c": 2}}, "x": 123}, {"a": {"b": {"foo": "bar"}}}) == {"x": 123}.

  • The json string paths may reference into array values by using index numbers. For example with the object {"a": ["x", "y", "z"]} the path a/1 references y. Nested structures are supported as well, for example: {"a": ["x", {"y": {"y1": {"y2": ["foo", "bar"]}}}, "z"]} the path a/1/y1/y2/0 references "foo".

  • The json string paths support ~0, or ~1 characters for ~ and / characters in key names. It does not support - for last index of an array. For example the path /foo~1bar~0 will reference baz in { "foo/bar~": "baz" }.

  • The json string paths may be an array of string path segments rather than a / separated string. For example the path a/b/c can be passed in as ["a", "b", "c"].

Strings

concat

output := concat(delimiter, collection)

Joins a set or array of strings with a delimiter.

delimiter
(string)
collection
(any<array[string], set[string]>)
strings to join
Returns:
output
(string)
Wasm
contains

result := contains(haystack, needle)

Returns true if the search string is included in the base string

haystack
(string)
string to search in
needle
(string)
substring to look for
Returns:
result
(boolean)
result of the containment check
Wasm
endswith

result := endswith(search, base)

Returns true if the search string ends with the base string.

search
(string)
search string
base
(string)
base string
Returns:
result
(boolean)
result of the suffix check
Wasm
format_int

output := format_int(number, base)

Returns the string representation of the number in the given base after rounding it down to an integer value.

number
(number)
number to format
base
(number)
base of number representation to use
Returns:
output
(string)
formatted number
Wasm
indexof

output := indexof(haystack, needle)

Returns the index of a substring contained inside a string.

haystack
(string)
string to search in
needle
(string)
substring to look for
Returns:
output
(number)
index of first occurrence, -1 if not found
Wasm
indexof_n

output := indexof_n(haystack, needle)

Returns a list of all the indexes of a substring contained inside a string.

haystack
(string)
string to search in
needle
(string)
substring to look for
Returns:
output
(array[number])
all indices at which needle occurs in haystack, may be empty
v0.37.0 SDK-dependent
lower

y := lower(x)

Returns the input string but with all characters in lower-case.

x
(string)
string that is converted to lower-case
Returns:
y
(string)
lower-case of x
Wasm
replace

y := replace(x, old, new)

Replace replaces all instances of a sub-string.

x
(string)
string being processed
old
(string)
substring to replace
new
(string)
string to replace old with
Returns:
y
(string)
string with replaced substrings
Wasm
split

ys := split(x, delimiter)

Split returns an array containing elements of the input string split on a delimiter.

x
(string)
string that is split
delimiter
(string)
delimiter used for splitting
Returns:
ys
(array[string])
splitted parts
Wasm
sprintf

output := sprintf(format, values)

Returns the given string, formatted.

format
(string)
string with formatting verbs
values
(array[any])
arguments to format into formatting verbs
Returns:
output
(string)
format formatted by the values in values
SDK-dependent
startswith

result := startswith(search, base)

Returns true if the search string begins with the base string.

search
(string)
search string
base
(string)
base string
Returns:
result
(boolean)
result of the prefix check
Wasm
strings.any_prefix_match

result := strings.any_prefix_match(search, base)

Returns true if any of the search strings begins with any of the base strings.

search
(any<string, array[string], set[string]>)
search string(s)
base
(any<string, array[string], set[string]>)
base string(s)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
result of the prefix check
New v0.44.0 SDK-dependent
strings.any_suffix_match

result := strings.any_suffix_match(search, base)

Returns true if any of the search strings ends with any of the base strings.

search
(any<string, array[string], set[string]>)
search string(s)
base
(any<string, array[string], set[string]>)
base string(s)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
result of the suffix check
New v0.44.0 SDK-dependent
strings.replace_n

output := strings.replace_n(patterns, value)

Replaces a string from a list of old, new string pairs. Replacements are performed in the order they appear in the target string, without overlapping matches. The old string comparisons are done in argument order.

patterns
(object[string: string])
replacement pairs
value
(string)
string to replace substring matches in
Returns:
output
(string)
Wasm
strings.reverse

y := strings.reverse(x)

Reverses a given string.

x
(string)
Returns:
y
(string)
substring

output := substring(value, offset, length)

Returns the portion of a string for a given offset and a length. If length < 0, output is the remainder of the string.

value
(string)
offset
(number)
offset, must be positive
length
(number)
length of the substring starting from offset
Returns:
output
(string)
substring of value from offset, of length length
Wasm
trim

output := trim(value, cutset)

Returns value with all leading or trailing instances of the cutset characters removed.

value
(string)
string to trim
cutset
(string)
string of characters that are cut off
Returns:
output
(string)
string trimmed of cutset characters
Wasm
trim_left

output := trim_left(value, cutset)

Returns value with all leading instances of the cutset chartacters removed.

value
(string)
string to trim
cutset
(string)
string of characters that are cut off on the left
Returns:
output
(string)
string left-trimmed of cutset characters
Wasm
trim_prefix

output := trim_prefix(value, prefix)

Returns value without the prefix. If value doesn’t start with prefix, it is returned unchanged.

value
(string)
string to trim
prefix
(string)
prefix to cut off
Returns:
output
(string)
string with prefix cut off
Wasm
trim_right

output := trim_right(value, cutset)

Returns value with all trailing instances of the cutset chartacters removed.

value
(string)
string to trim
cutset
(string)
string of characters that are cut off on the right
Returns:
output
(string)
string right-trimmed of cutset characters
Wasm
trim_space

output := trim_space(value)

Return the given string with all leading and trailing white space removed.

value
(string)
string to trim
Returns:
output
(string)
string leading and trailing white space cut off
Wasm
trim_suffix

output := trim_suffix(value, suffix)

Returns value without the suffix. If value doesn’t end with suffix, it is returned unchanged.

value
(string)
string to trim
suffix
(string)
suffix to cut off
Returns:
output
(string)
string with suffix cut off
Wasm
upper

y := upper(x)

Returns the input string but with all characters in upper-case.

x
(string)
string that is converted to upper-case
Returns:
y
(string)
upper-case of x
Wasm

Regex

regex.find_all_string_submatch_n

output := regex.find_all_string_submatch_n(pattern, value, number)

Returns all successive matches of the expression.

pattern
(string)
regular expression
value
(string)
string to match
number
(number)
number of matches to return; -1 means all matches
Returns:
output
(array[array[string]])
Wasm
regex.find_n

output := regex.find_n(pattern, value, number)

Returns the specified number of matches when matching the input against the pattern.

pattern
(string)
regular expression
value
(string)
string to match
number
(number)
number of matches to return, if -1, returns all matches
Returns:
output
(array[string])
collected matches
SDK-dependent
regex.globs_match

result := regex.globs_match(glob1, glob2)

Checks if the intersection of two glob-style regular expressions matches a non-empty set of non-empty strings. The set of regex symbols is limited for this builtin: only ., *, +, [, -, ] and \ are treated as special symbols.

glob1
(string)
glob2
(string)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
SDK-dependent
regex.is_valid

result := regex.is_valid(pattern)

Checks if a string is a valid regular expression: the detailed syntax for patterns is defined by https://github.com/google/re2/wiki/Syntax.

pattern
(string)
regular expression
Returns:
result
(boolean)
regex.match

result := regex.match(pattern, value)

Matches a string against a regular expression.

pattern
(string)
regular expression
value
(string)
value to match against pattern
Returns:
result
(boolean)
regex.split

output := regex.split(pattern, value)

Splits the input string by the occurrences of the given pattern.

pattern
(string)
regular expression
value
(string)
string to match
Returns:
output
(array[string])
the parts obtained by splitting value
SDK-dependent
regex.template_match

result := regex.template_match(template, value, delimiter_start, delimiter_end)

Matches a string against a pattern, where there pattern may be glob-like

template
(string)
template expression containing 0..n regular expressions
value
(string)
string to match
delimiter_start
(string)
start delimiter of the regular expression in template
delimiter_end
(string)
end delimiter of the regular expression in template
Returns:
result
(boolean)
SDK-dependent

Glob

glob.match

result := glob.match(pattern, delimiters, match)

Parses and matches strings against the glob notation. Not to be confused with regex.globs_match.

pattern
(string)
delimiters
(any<null, array[string]>)
glob pattern delimiters, e.g. [".", ":"], defaults to ["."] if unset. If delimiters is null, glob match without delimiter.
match
(string)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if match can be found in pattern which is separated by delimiters
Wasm
glob.quote_meta

output := glob.quote_meta(pattern)

Returns a string which represents a version of the pattern where all asterisks have been escaped.

pattern
(string)
Returns:
output
(string)
the escaped string of pattern
SDK-dependent

The following table shows examples of how glob.match works:

calloutputDescription
output := glob.match("*.github.com", [], "api.github.com")trueA glob with the default ["."] delimiter.
output := glob.match("*.github.com", [], "api.cdn.github.com")falseA glob with the default ["."] delimiter.
output := glob.match("*hub.com", null, "api.cdn.github.com")trueA glob without delimiter.
output := glob.match("*:github:com", [":"], "api:github:com")trueA glob with delimiters [":"].
output := glob.match("api.**.com", [], "api.github.com")trueA super glob.
output := glob.match("api.**.com", [], "api.cdn.github.com")trueA super glob.
output := glob.match("?at", [], "cat")trueA glob with a single character wildcard.
output := glob.match("?at", [], "at")falseA glob with a single character wildcard.
output := glob.match("[abc]at", [], "bat")trueA glob with character-list matchers.
output := glob.match("[abc]at", [], "cat")trueA glob with character-list matchers.
output := glob.match("[abc]at", [], "lat")falseA glob with character-list matchers.
output := glob.match("[!abc]at", [], "cat")falseA glob with negated character-list matchers.
output := glob.match("[!abc]at", [], "lat")trueA glob with negated character-list matchers.
output := glob.match("[a-c]at", [], "cat")trueA glob with character-range matchers.
output := glob.match("[a-c]at", [], "lat")falseA glob with character-range matchers.
output := glob.match("[!a-c]at", [], "cat")falseA glob with negated character-range matchers.
output := glob.match("[!a-c]at", [], "lat")trueA glob with negated character-range matchers.
output := glob.match("{cat,bat,[fr]at}", [], "cat")trueA glob with pattern-alternatives matchers.
output := glob.match("{cat,bat,[fr]at}", [], "bat")trueA glob with pattern-alternatives matchers.
output := glob.match("{cat,bat,[fr]at}", [], "rat")trueA glob with pattern-alternatives matchers.
output := glob.match("{cat,bat,[fr]at}", [], "at")falseA glob with pattern-alternatives matchers.

Bitwise

bits.and

z := bits.and(x, y)

Returns the bitwise “AND” of two integers.

x
(number)
y
(number)
Returns:
z
(number)
bits.lsh

z := bits.lsh(x, s)

Returns a new integer with its bits shifted s bits to the left.

x
(number)
s
(number)
Returns:
z
(number)
bits.negate

z := bits.negate(x)

Returns the bitwise negation (flip) of an integer.

x
(number)
Returns:
z
(number)
bits.or

z := bits.or(x, y)

Returns the bitwise “OR” of two integers.

x
(number)
y
(number)
Returns:
z
(number)
bits.rsh

z := bits.rsh(x, s)

Returns a new integer with its bits shifted s bits to the right.

x
(number)
s
(number)
Returns:
z
(number)
bits.xor

z := bits.xor(x, y)

Returns the bitwise “XOR” (exclusive-or) of two integers.

x
(number)
y
(number)
Returns:
z
(number)

Conversions

to_number

num := to_number(x)

Converts a string, bool, or number value to a number: Strings are converted to numbers using strconv.Atoi, Boolean false is converted to 0 and true is converted to 1.

x
(any<null, boolean, number, string>)
Returns:
num
(number)
Wasm

Units

units.parse

y := units.parse(x)

Converts strings like “10G”, “5K”, “4M”, “1500m” and the like into a number. This number can be a non-integer, such as 1.5, 0.22, etc. Supports standard metric decimal and binary SI units (e.g., K, Ki, M, Mi, G, Gi etc.) m, K, M, G, T, P, and E are treated as decimal units and Ki, Mi, Gi, Ti, Pi, and Ei are treated as binary units.

Note that ’m’ and ‘M’ are case-sensitive, to allow distinguishing between “milli” and “mega” units respectively. Other units are case-insensitive.

x
(string)
the unit to parse
Returns:
y
(number)
the parsed number
v0.41.0 SDK-dependent
units.parse_bytes

y := units.parse_bytes(x)

Converts strings like “10GB”, “5K”, “4mb” into an integer number of bytes. Supports standard byte units (e.g., KB, KiB, etc.) KB, MB, GB, and TB are treated as decimal units and KiB, MiB, GiB, and TiB are treated as binary units. The bytes symbol (b/B) in the unit is optional and omitting it wil give the same result (e.g. Mi and MiB).

x
(string)
the byte unit to parse
Returns:
y
(number)
the parsed number
SDK-dependent

Types

is_array

result := is_array(x)

Returns true if the input value is an array.

x
(any)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is an array, false otherwise.
Wasm
is_boolean

result := is_boolean(x)

Returns true if the input value is a boolean.

x
(any)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is an boolean, false otherwise.
Wasm
is_null

result := is_null(x)

Returns true if the input value is null.

x
(any)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is null, false otherwise.
Wasm
is_number

result := is_number(x)

Returns true if the input value is a number.

x
(any)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is a number, false otherwise.
Wasm
is_object

result := is_object(x)

Returns true if the input value is an object

x
(any)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is an object, false otherwise.
Wasm
is_set

result := is_set(x)

Returns true if the input value is a set.

x
(any)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is a set, false otherwise.
Wasm
is_string

result := is_string(x)

Returns true if the input value is a string.

x
(any)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is a string, false otherwise.
Wasm
type_name

type := type_name(x)

Returns the type of its input value.

x
(any)
Returns:
type
(string)
one of “null”, “boolean”, “number”, “string”, “array”, “object”, “set”
Wasm

Encoding

base64.decode

y := base64.decode(x)

Deserializes the base64 encoded input string.

x
(string)
Returns:
y
(string)
base64 deserialization of x
Wasm
base64.encode

y := base64.encode(x)

Serializes the input string into base64 encoding.

x
(string)
Returns:
y
(string)
base64 serialization of x
Wasm
base64.is_valid

result := base64.is_valid(x)

Verifies the input string is base64 encoded.

x
(string)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is valid base64 encoded value, false otherwise
base64url.decode

y := base64url.decode(x)

Deserializes the base64url encoded input string.

x
(string)
Returns:
y
(string)
base64url deserialization of x
Wasm
base64url.encode

y := base64url.encode(x)

Serializes the input string into base64url encoding.

x
(string)
Returns:
y
(string)
base64url serialization of x
Wasm
base64url.encode_no_pad

y := base64url.encode_no_pad(x)

Serializes the input string into base64url encoding without padding.

x
(string)
Returns:
y
(string)
base64url serialization of x
v0.25.0-rc2 SDK-dependent
hex.decode

y := hex.decode(x)

Deserializes the hex-encoded input string.

x
(string)
a hex-encoded string
Returns:
y
(string)
deseralized from x
v0.25.0-rc2 SDK-dependent
hex.encode

y := hex.encode(x)

Serializes the input string using hex-encoding.

x
(string)
Returns:
y
(string)
serialization of x using hex-encoding
v0.25.0-rc2 SDK-dependent
json.is_valid

result := json.is_valid(x)

Verifies the input string is a valid JSON document.

x
(string)
a JSON string
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is valid JSON, false otherwise
json.marshal

y := json.marshal(x)

Serializes the input term to JSON.

x
(any)
the term to serialize
Returns:
y
(string)
the JSON string representation of x
Wasm
json.unmarshal

y := json.unmarshal(x)

Deserializes the input string.

x
(string)
a JSON string
Returns:
y
(any)
the term deseralized from x
Wasm
urlquery.decode

y := urlquery.decode(x)

Decodes a URL-encoded input string.

x
(string)
Returns:
y
(string)
URL-encoding deserialization of x
SDK-dependent
urlquery.decode_object

object := urlquery.decode_object(x)

Decodes the given URL query string into an object.

x
(string)
the query string
Returns:
object
(object[string: array[string]])
the resulting object
v0.24.0 SDK-dependent
urlquery.encode

y := urlquery.encode(x)

Encodes the input string into a URL-encoded string.

x
(string)
Returns:
y
(string)
URL-encoding serialization of x
SDK-dependent
urlquery.encode_object

y := urlquery.encode_object(object)

Encodes the given object into a URL encoded query string.

object
(object[string: any<string, array[string], set[string]>])
Returns:
y
(string)
the URL-encoded serialization of object
SDK-dependent
yaml.is_valid

result := yaml.is_valid(x)

Verifies the input string is a valid YAML document.

x
(string)
a YAML string
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if x is valid YAML, false otherwise
v0.25.0-rc1 SDK-dependent
yaml.marshal

y := yaml.marshal(x)

Serializes the input term to YAML.

x
(any)
the term to serialize
Returns:
y
(string)
the YAML string representation of x
SDK-dependent
yaml.unmarshal

y := yaml.unmarshal(x)

Deserializes the input string.

x
(string)
a YAML string
Returns:
y
(any)
the term deseralized from x
SDK-dependent

Token Signing

io.jwt.encode_sign

output := io.jwt.encode_sign(headers, payload, key)

Encodes and optionally signs a JSON Web Token. Inputs are taken as objects, not encoded strings (see io.jwt.encode_sign_raw).

headers
(object[string: any])
JWS Protected Header
payload
(object[string: any])
JWS Payload
key
(object[string: any])
JSON Web Key (RFC7517)
Returns:
output
(string)
signed JWT
SDK-dependent
io.jwt.encode_sign_raw

output := io.jwt.encode_sign_raw(headers, payload, key)

Encodes and optionally signs a JSON Web Token.

headers
(string)
JWS Protected Header
payload
(string)
JWS Payload
key
(string)
JSON Web Key (RFC7517)
Returns:
output
(string)
signed JWT
SDK-dependent

OPA provides two builtins that implement JSON Web Signature RFC7515 functionality.

io.jwt.encode_sign_raw() takes three JSON Objects (strings) as parameters and returns their JWS Compact Serialization. This builtin should be used by those that want maximum control over the signing and serialization procedure. It is important to remember that StringOrURI values are compared as case-sensitive strings with no transformations or canonicalizations applied. Therefore, line breaks and whitespaces are significant.

io.jwt.encode_sign() takes three Rego Objects as parameters and returns their JWS Compact Serialization. This builtin should be used by those that want to use rego objects for signing during policy evaluation.

Note that with io.jwt.encode_sign the Rego objects are serialized to JSON with standard formatting applied whereas the io.jwt.encode_sign_raw built-in will not affect whitespace of the strings passed in. This will mean that the final encoded token may have different string values, but the decoded and parsed JSON will match.

The following algorithms are supported:

ES256       "ES256" // ECDSA using P-256 and SHA-256
ES384       "ES384" // ECDSA using P-384 and SHA-384
ES512       "ES512" // ECDSA using P-521 and SHA-512
HS256       "HS256" // HMAC using SHA-256
HS384       "HS384" // HMAC using SHA-384
HS512       "HS512" // HMAC using SHA-512
PS256       "PS256" // RSASSA-PSS using SHA256 and MGF1-SHA256
PS384       "PS384" // RSASSA-PSS using SHA384 and MGF1-SHA384
PS512       "PS512" // RSASSA-PSS using SHA512 and MGF1-SHA512
RS256       "RS256" // RSASSA-PKCS-v1.5 using SHA-256
RS384       "RS384" // RSASSA-PKCS-v1.5 using SHA-384
RS512       "RS512" // RSASSA-PKCS-v1.5 using SHA-512
Note that the key’s provided should be base64 encoded (without padding) as per the specification (RFC7517). This differs from the plain text secrets provided with the algorithm specific verify built-ins described below.

Token Signing Examples

Symmetric Key (HMAC with SHA-256)
io.jwt.encode_sign({
    "typ": "JWT",
    "alg": "HS256"
}, {
    "iss": "joe",
    "exp": 1300819380,
    "aud": ["bob", "saul"],
    "http://example.com/is_root": true,
    "privateParams": {
        "private_one": "one",
        "private_two": "two"
    }
}, {
    "kty": "oct",
    "k": "AyM1SysPpbyDfgZld3umj1qzKObwVMkoqQ-EstJQLr_T-1qS0gZH75aKtMN3Yj0iPS4hcgUuTwjAzZr1Z9CAow"
})
"eyJhbGciOiAiSFMyNTYiLCAidHlwIjogIkpXVCJ9.eyJhdWQiOiBbImJvYiIsICJzYXVsIl0sICJleHAiOiAxMzAwODE5MzgwLCAiaHR0cDovL2V4YW1wbGUuY29tL2lzX3Jvb3QiOiB0cnVlLCAiaXNzIjogImpvZSIsICJwcml2YXRlUGFyYW1zIjogeyJwcml2YXRlX29uZSI6ICJvbmUiLCAicHJpdmF0ZV90d28iOiAidHdvIn19.M10TcaFADr_JYAx7qJ71wktdyuN4IAnhWvVbgrZ5j_4"
Symmetric Key with empty JSON payload
io.jwt.encode_sign({
    "typ": "JWT",
    "alg": "HS256"},
    {}, {
    "kty": "oct",
    "k": "AyM1SysPpbyDfgZld3umj1qzKObwVMkoqQ-EstJQLr_T-1qS0gZH75aKtMN3Yj0iPS4hcgUuTwjAzZr1Z9CAow"
})
"eyJhbGciOiAiSFMyNTYiLCAidHlwIjogIkpXVCJ9.e30.Odp4A0Fj6NoKsV4Gyoy1NAmSs6KVZiC15S9VRGZyR20"
RSA Key (RSA Signature with SHA-256)
io.jwt.encode_sign({
    "alg": "RS256"
}, {
    "iss": "joe",
    "exp": 1300819380,
    "aud": ["bob", "saul"],
    "http://example.com/is_root": true,
    "privateParams": {
        "private_one": "one",
        "private_two": "two"
    }
},
{
    "kty": "RSA",
    "n": "ofgWCuLjybRlzo0tZWJjNiuSfb4p4fAkd_wWJcyQoTbji9k0l8W26mPddxHmfHQp-Vaw-4qPCJrcS2mJPMEzP1Pt0Bm4d4QlL-yRT-SFd2lZS-pCgNMsD1W_YpRPEwOWvG6b32690r2jZ47soMZo9wGzjb_7OMg0LOL-bSf63kpaSHSXndS5z5rexMdbBYUsLA9e-KXBdQOS-UTo7WTBEMa2R2CapHg665xsmtdVMTBQY4uDZlxvb3qCo5ZwKh9kG4LT6_I5IhlJH7aGhyxXFvUK-DWNmoudF8NAco9_h9iaGNj8q2ethFkMLs91kzk2PAcDTW9gb54h4FRWyuXpoQ",
    "e": "AQAB",
    "d": "Eq5xpGnNCivDflJsRQBXHx1hdR1k6Ulwe2JZD50LpXyWPEAeP88vLNO97IjlA7_GQ5sLKMgvfTeXZx9SE-7YwVol2NXOoAJe46sui395IW_GO-pWJ1O0BkTGoVEn2bKVRUCgu-GjBVaYLU6f3l9kJfFNS3E0QbVdxzubSu3Mkqzjkn439X0M_V51gfpRLI9JYanrC4D4qAdGcopV_0ZHHzQlBjudU2QvXt4ehNYTCBr6XCLQUShb1juUO1ZdiYoFaFQT5Tw8bGUl_x_jTj3ccPDVZFD9pIuhLhBOneufuBiB4cS98l2SR_RQyGWSeWjnczT0QU91p1DhOVRuOopznQ",
    "p": "4BzEEOtIpmVdVEZNCqS7baC4crd0pqnRH_5IB3jw3bcxGn6QLvnEtfdUdiYrqBdss1l58BQ3KhooKeQTa9AB0Hw_Py5PJdTJNPY8cQn7ouZ2KKDcmnPGBY5t7yLc1QlQ5xHdwW1VhvKn-nXqhJTBgIPgtldC-KDV5z-y2XDwGUc",
    "q": "uQPEfgmVtjL0Uyyx88GZFF1fOunH3-7cepKmtH4pxhtCoHqpWmT8YAmZxaewHgHAjLYsp1ZSe7zFYHj7C6ul7TjeLQeZD_YwD66t62wDmpe_HlB-TnBA-njbglfIsRLtXlnDzQkv5dTltRJ11BKBBypeeF6689rjcJIDEz9RWdc",
    "dp": "BwKfV3Akq5_MFZDFZCnW-wzl-CCo83WoZvnLQwCTeDv8uzluRSnm71I3QCLdhrqE2e9YkxvuxdBfpT_PI7Yz-FOKnu1R6HsJeDCjn12Sk3vmAktV2zb34MCdy7cpdTh_YVr7tss2u6vneTwrA86rZtu5Mbr1C1XsmvkxHQAdYo0",
    "dq": "h_96-mK1R_7glhsum81dZxjTnYynPbZpHziZjeeHcXYsXaaMwkOlODsWa7I9xXDoRwbKgB719rrmI2oKr6N3Do9U0ajaHF-NKJnwgjMd2w9cjz3_-kyNlxAr2v4IKhGNpmM5iIgOS1VZnOZ68m6_pbLBSp3nssTdlqvd0tIiTHU",
    "qi": "IYd7DHOhrWvxkwPQsRM2tOgrjbcrfvtQJipd-DlcxyVuuM9sQLdgjVk2oy26F0EmpScGLq2MowX7fhd_QJQ3ydy5cY7YIBi87w93IKLEdfnbJtoOPLUW0ITrJReOgo1cq9SbsxYawBgfp_gh6A5603k2-ZQwVK0JKSHuLFkuQ3U"
})
"eyJhbGciOiAiUlMyNTYifQ.eyJhdWQiOiBbImJvYiIsICJzYXVsIl0sICJleHAiOiAxMzAwODE5MzgwLCAiaHR0cDovL2V4YW1wbGUuY29tL2lzX3Jvb3QiOiB0cnVlLCAiaXNzIjogImpvZSIsICJwcml2YXRlUGFyYW1zIjogeyJwcml2YXRlX29uZSI6ICJvbmUiLCAicHJpdmF0ZV90d28iOiAidHdvIn19.ITpfhDICCeVV__1nHRN2CvUFni0yyYESvhNlt4ET0yiySMzJ5iySGynrsM3kgzAv7mVmx5uEtSCs_xPHyLVfVnADKmDFtkZfuvJ8jHfcOe8TUqR1f7j1Zf_kDkdqJAsuGuqkJoFJ3S_gxWcZNwtDXV56O3k_7Mq03Ixuuxtip2oF0X3fB7QtUzjzB8mWPTJDFG2TtLLOYCcobPHmn36aAgesHMzJZj8U8sRLmqPXsIc-Lo_btt8gIUc9zZSgRiy7NOSHxw5mYcIMlKl93qvLXu7AaAcVLvzlIOCGWEnFpGGcRFgSOLnShQX6hDylWavKLQG-VOUJKmtXH99KBK-OYQ"
Raw Token Signing

If you need to generate the signature for a serialized token you an use the io.jwt.encode_sign_raw built-in function which accepts JSON serialized string parameters.

io.jwt.encode_sign_raw(
    `{"typ":"JWT","alg":"HS256"}`,
     `{"iss":"joe","exp":1300819380,"http://example.com/is_root":true}`,
    `{"kty":"oct","k":"AyM1SysPpbyDfgZld3umj1qzKObwVMkoqQ-EstJQLr_T-1qS0gZH75aKtMN3Yj0iPS4hcgUuTwjAzZr1Z9CAow"}`
)
"eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJqb2UiLCJleHAiOjEzMDA4MTkzODAsImh0dHA6Ly9leGFtcGxlLmNvbS9pc19yb290Ijp0cnVlfQ.lliDzOlRAdGUCfCHCPx_uisb6ZfZ1LRQa0OJLeYTTpY"

Token Verification

io.jwt.decode

output := io.jwt.decode(jwt)

Decodes a JSON Web Token and outputs it as an object.

jwt
(string)
JWT token to decode
Returns:
output
(array<object[any: any], object[any: any], string>)
[header, payload, sig], where header and payload are objects; sig is the hexadecimal representation of the signature on the token.
SDK-dependent
io.jwt.decode_verify

output := io.jwt.decode_verify(jwt, constraints)

Verifies a JWT signature under parameterized constraints and decodes the claims if it is valid. Supports the following algorithms: HS256, HS384, HS512, RS256, RS384, RS512, ES256, ES384, ES512, PS256, PS384 and PS512.

jwt
(string)
JWT token whose signature is to be verified and whose claims are to be checked
constraints
(object[string: any])
claim verification constraints
Returns:
output
(array<boolean, object[any: any], object[any: any]>)
[valid, header, payload]: if the input token is verified and meets the requirements of constraints then valid is true; header and payload are objects containing the JOSE header and the JWT claim set; otherwise, valid is false, header and payload are {}
SDK-dependent
io.jwt.verify_es256

result := io.jwt.verify_es256(jwt, certificate)

Verifies if a ES256 JWT signature is valid.

jwt
(string)
JWT token whose signature is to be verified
certificate
(string)
PEM encoded certificate, PEM encoded public key, or the JWK key (set) used to verify the signature
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if the signature is valid, false otherwise
SDK-dependent
io.jwt.verify_es384

result := io.jwt.verify_es384(jwt, certificate)

Verifies if a ES384 JWT signature is valid.

jwt
(string)
JWT token whose signature is to be verified
certificate
(string)
PEM encoded certificate, PEM encoded public key, or the JWK key (set) used to verify the signature
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if the signature is valid, false otherwise
v0.20.0 SDK-dependent
io.jwt.verify_es512

result := io.jwt.verify_es512(jwt, certificate)

Verifies if a ES512 JWT signature is valid.

jwt
(string)
JWT token whose signature is to be verified
certificate
(string)
PEM encoded certificate, PEM encoded public key, or the JWK key (set) used to verify the signature
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if the signature is valid, false otherwise
v0.20.0 SDK-dependent
io.jwt.verify_hs256

result := io.jwt.verify_hs256(jwt, secret)

Verifies if a HS256 (secret) JWT signature is valid.

jwt
(string)
JWT token whose signature is to be verified
secret
(string)
plain text secret used to verify the signature
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if the signature is valid, false otherwise
SDK-dependent
io.jwt.verify_hs384

result := io.jwt.verify_hs384(jwt, secret)

Verifies if a HS384 (secret) JWT signature is valid.

jwt
(string)
JWT token whose signature is to be verified
secret
(string)
plain text secret used to verify the signature
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if the signature is valid, false otherwise
v0.20.0 SDK-dependent
io.jwt.verify_hs512

result := io.jwt.verify_hs512(jwt, secret)

Verifies if a HS512 (secret) JWT signature is valid.

jwt
(string)
JWT token whose signature is to be verified
secret
(string)
plain text secret used to verify the signature
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if the signature is valid, false otherwise
v0.20.0 SDK-dependent
io.jwt.verify_ps256

result := io.jwt.verify_ps256(jwt, certificate)

Verifies if a PS256 JWT signature is valid.

jwt
(string)
JWT token whose signature is to be verified
certificate
(string)
PEM encoded certificate, PEM encoded public key, or the JWK key (set) used to verify the signature
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if the signature is valid, false otherwise
SDK-dependent
io.jwt.verify_ps384

result := io.jwt.verify_ps384(jwt, certificate)

Verifies if a PS384 JWT signature is valid.

jwt
(string)
JWT token whose signature is to be verified
certificate
(string)
PEM encoded certificate, PEM encoded public key, or the JWK key (set) used to verify the signature
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if the signature is valid, false otherwise
v0.20.0 SDK-dependent
io.jwt.verify_ps512

result := io.jwt.verify_ps512(jwt, certificate)

Verifies if a PS512 JWT signature is valid.

jwt
(string)
JWT token whose signature is to be verified
certificate
(string)
PEM encoded certificate, PEM encoded public key, or the JWK key (set) used to verify the signature
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if the signature is valid, false otherwise
v0.20.0 SDK-dependent
io.jwt.verify_rs256

result := io.jwt.verify_rs256(jwt, certificate)

Verifies if a RS256 JWT signature is valid.

jwt
(string)
JWT token whose signature is to be verified
certificate
(string)
PEM encoded certificate, PEM encoded public key, or the JWK key (set) used to verify the signature
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if the signature is valid, false otherwise
SDK-dependent
io.jwt.verify_rs384

result := io.jwt.verify_rs384(jwt, certificate)

Verifies if a RS384 JWT signature is valid.

jwt
(string)
JWT token whose signature is to be verified
certificate
(string)
PEM encoded certificate, PEM encoded public key, or the JWK key (set) used to verify the signature
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if the signature is valid, false otherwise
v0.20.0 SDK-dependent
io.jwt.verify_rs512

result := io.jwt.verify_rs512(jwt, certificate)

Verifies if a RS512 JWT signature is valid.

jwt
(string)
JWT token whose signature is to be verified
certificate
(string)
PEM encoded certificate, PEM encoded public key, or the JWK key (set) used to verify the signature
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if the signature is valid, false otherwise
v0.20.0 SDK-dependent
Note that the io.jwt.verify_XX built-in methods verify only the signature. They do not provide any validation for the JWT payload and any claims specified. The io.jwt.decode_verify built-in will verify the payload and all standard claims.

The input string is a JSON Web Token encoded with JWS Compact Serialization. JWE and JWS JSON Serialization are not supported. If nested signing was used, the header, payload and signature will represent the most deeply nested token.

For io.jwt.decode_verify, constraints is an object with the following members:

NameMeaningRequired
certA PEM encoded certificate, PEM encoded public key, or a JWK key (set) containing an RSA or ECDSA public key.See below
secretThe secret key for HS256, HS384 and HS512 verification.See below
algThe JWA algorithm name to use. If it is absent then any algorithm that is compatible with the key is accepted.Optional
issThe issuer string. If it is present the only tokens with this issuer are accepted. If it is absent then any issuer is accepted.Optional
timeThe time in nanoseconds to verify the token at. If this is present then the exp and nbf claims are compared against this value. If it is absent then they are compared against the current time.Optional
audThe audience that the verifier identifies with. If this is present then the aud claim is checked against it. If it is absent then the aud claim must be absent too.Optional

Exactly one of cert and secret must be present. If there are any unrecognized constraints then the token is considered invalid.

Token Verification Examples

The examples below use the following token:

es256_token := "eyJ0eXAiOiAiSldUIiwgImFsZyI6ICJFUzI1NiJ9.eyJuYmYiOiAxNDQ0NDc4NDAwLCAiaXNzIjogInh4eCJ9.lArczfN-pIL8oUU-7PU83u-zfXougXBZj6drFeKFsPEoVhy9WAyiZlRshYqjTSXdaw8yw2L-ovt4zTUZb2PWMg"
Using JWKS

This example shows a two-step process to verify the token signature and then decode it for further checks of the payload content. This approach gives more flexibility in verifying only the claims that the policy needs to enforce.

jwks := `{
    "keys": [{
        "kty":"EC",
        "crv":"P-256",
        "x":"z8J91ghFy5o6f2xZ4g8LsLH7u2wEpT2ntj8loahnlsE",
        "y":"7bdeXLH61KrGWRdh7ilnbcGQACxykaPKfmBccTHIOUo"
    }]
}`
io.jwt.verify_es256(es256_token, jwks)                  # Verify the token with the JWKS
[header, payload, _] := io.jwt.decode(es256_token)      # Decode the token
payload.iss == "xxx"                                    # Ensure the issuer (`iss`) claim is the expected value
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+
|           header            |            payload             |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+
| {"alg":"ES256","typ":"JWT"} | {"iss":"xxx","nbf":1444478400} |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+

The next example shows doing the token signature verification, decoding, and content checks all in one call using io.jwt.decode_verify. Note that this gives less flexibility in validating the payload content as all claims defined in the JWT spec are verified with the provided constraints.

[valid, header, payload] := io.jwt.decode_verify(es256_token, {
    "cert": jwks,
    "iss": "xxx",
})
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+-------+
|           header            |            payload             | valid |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+-------+
| {"alg":"ES256","typ":"JWT"} | {"iss":"xxx","nbf":1444478400} | true  |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+-------+
Using PEM encoded X.509 Certificate

The following examples will demonstrate verifying tokens using an X.509 Certificate defined as:

cert := `-----BEGIN CERTIFICATE-----
MIIBcDCCARagAwIBAgIJAMZmuGSIfvgzMAoGCCqGSM49BAMCMBMxETAPBgNVBAMM
CHdoYXRldmVyMB4XDTE4MDgxMDE0Mjg1NFoXDTE4MDkwOTE0Mjg1NFowEzERMA8G
A1UEAwwId2hhdGV2ZXIwWTATBgcqhkjOPQIBBggqhkjOPQMBBwNCAATPwn3WCEXL
mjp/bFniDwuwsfu7bASlPae2PyWhqGeWwe23Xlyx+tSqxlkXYe4pZ23BkAAscpGj
yn5gXHExyDlKo1MwUTAdBgNVHQ4EFgQUElRjSoVgKjUqY5AXz2o74cLzzS8wHwYD
VR0jBBgwFoAUElRjSoVgKjUqY5AXz2o74cLzzS8wDwYDVR0TAQH/BAUwAwEB/zAK
BggqhkjOPQQDAgNIADBFAiEA4yQ/88ZrUX68c6kOe9G11u8NUaUzd8pLOtkKhniN
OHoCIHmNX37JOqTcTzGn2u9+c8NlnvZ0uDvsd1BmKPaUmjmm
-----END CERTIFICATE-----`

This example shows a two-step process to verify the token signature and then decode it for further checks of the payload content. This approach gives more flexibility in verifying only the claims that the policy needs to enforce.

io.jwt.verify_es256(es256_token, cert)                # Verify the token with the certificate
[header, payload, _] := io.jwt.decode(es256_token)    # Decode the token
payload.iss == "xxx"                                  # Ensure the issuer claim is the expected value
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+
|           header            |            payload             |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+
| {"alg":"ES256","typ":"JWT"} | {"iss":"xxx","nbf":1444478400} |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+

The next example shows doing the same token signature verification, decoding, and content checks but instead with a single call to io.jwt.decode_verify. Note that this gives less flexibility in validating the payload content as all claims defined in the JWT spec are verified with the provided constraints.

[valid, header, payload] := io.jwt.decode_verify(     # Decode and verify in one-step
    es256_token,
    {                                                 # With the supplied constraints:
        "cert": cert,                                 #   Verify the token with the certificate
        "iss": "xxx",                                 #   Ensure the issuer claim is the expected value
    }
)
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+-------+
|           header            |            payload             | valid |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+-------+
| {"alg":"ES256","typ":"JWT"} | {"iss":"xxx","nbf":1444478400} | true  |
+-----------------------------+--------------------------------+-------+
Round Trip - Sign and Verify

This example shows how to encode a token, verify, and decode it with the different options available.

Start with using the io.jwt.encode_sign_raw built-in:

raw_result_hs256 := io.jwt.encode_sign_raw(
    `{"alg":"HS256","typ":"JWT"}`,
    `{}`,
    `{"kty":"oct","k":"Zm9v"}`  	# "Zm9v" == base64url.encode_no_pad("foo")
)

# Important!! - Use the un-encoded plain text secret to verify and decode
raw_result_valid_hs256 := io.jwt.verify_hs256(raw_result_hs256, "foo")
raw_result_parts_hs256 := io.jwt.decode_verify(raw_result_hs256, {"secret": "foo"})
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------+
|                                    raw_result_hs256                                    |        raw_result_parts_hs256         | raw_result_valid_hs256 |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------+
| "eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.e30.Duw7jWmGY54yEu6kcqd2w1TKp1EspzboBnx8EeMc-z0" | [true,{"alg":"HS256","typ":"JWT"},{}] | true                   |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+------------------------+

Now encode the and sign the same token contents but with io.jwt.encode_sign instead of the raw varient.

result_hs256 := io.jwt.encode_sign(
    {
        "alg":"HS256",
        "typ":"JWT"
    },
    {},
    {
        "kty":"oct",
        "k":"Zm9v"
    }
)

# Important!! - Use the un-encoded plain text secret to verify and decode
result_parts_hs256 := io.jwt.decode_verify(result_hs256, {"secret": "foo"})
result_valid_hs256 := io.jwt.verify_hs256(result_hs256, "foo")
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+
|                                        result_hs256                                        |          result_parts_hs256           | result_valid_hs256 |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+
| "eyJhbGciOiAiSFMyNTYiLCAidHlwIjogIkpXVCJ9.e30.h4crob8QjgDq0JlZpf5mtylPvUzULS0XzdbG2-z_YKc" | [true,{"alg":"HS256","typ":"JWT"},{}] | true               |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+---------------------------------------+--------------------+
Note that the resulting encoded token is different from the first example using io.jwt.encode_sign_raw. The reason is that the io.jwt.encode_sign function is using canonicalized formatting for the header and payload whereas io.jwt.encode_sign_raw does not change the whitespace of the strings passed in. The decoded and parsed JSON values are still the same.

Time

time.add_date

output := time.add_date(ns, years, months, days)

Returns the nanoseconds since epoch after adding years, months and days to nanoseconds. undefined if the result would be outside the valid time range that can fit within an int64.

ns
(number)
nanoseconds since the epoch
years
(number)
months
(number)
days
(number)
Returns:
output
(number)
nanoseconds since the epoch representing the input time, with years, months and days added
v0.19.0 SDK-dependent
time.clock

output := time.clock(x)

Returns the [hour, minute, second] of the day for the nanoseconds since epoch.

x
(any<number, array<number, string>>)
a number representing the nanoseconds since the epoch (UTC); or a two-element array of the nanoseconds, and a timezone string
Returns:
output
(array<number, number, number>)
the hour, minute (0-59), and second (0-59) representing the time of day for the nanoseconds since epoch in the supplied timezone (or UTC)
SDK-dependent
time.date

date := time.date(x)

Returns the [year, month, day] for the nanoseconds since epoch.

x
(any<number, array<number, string>>)
a number representing the nanoseconds since the epoch (UTC); or a two-element array of the nanoseconds, and a timezone string
Returns:
date
(array<number, number, number>)
an array of year, month (1-12), and day (1-31)
SDK-dependent
time.diff

output := time.diff(ns1, ns2)

Returns the difference between two unix timestamps in nanoseconds (with optional timezone strings).

ns1
(any<number, array<number, string>>)
ns2
(any<number, array<number, string>>)
Returns:
output
(array<number, number, number, number, number, number>)
difference between ns1 and ns2 (in their supplied timezones, if supplied, or UTC) as array of numbers: [years, months, days, hours, minutes, seconds]
v0.28.0 SDK-dependent
time.now_ns

now := time.now_ns()

Returns the current time since epoch in nanoseconds.

Returns:
now
(number)
nanoseconds since epoch
SDK-dependent
time.parse_duration_ns

ns := time.parse_duration_ns(duration)

Returns the duration in nanoseconds represented by a string.

duration
(string)
a duration like “3m”; seethe Go time package documentation for more details
Returns:
ns
(number)
the duration in nanoseconds
SDK-dependent
time.parse_ns

ns := time.parse_ns(layout, value)

Returns the time in nanoseconds parsed from the string in the given format. undefined if the result would be outside the valid time range that can fit within an int64.

layout
(string)
format used for parsing, see the Go time package documentation for more details
value
(string)
input to parse according to layout
Returns:
ns
(number)
value in nanoseconds since epoch
SDK-dependent
time.parse_rfc3339_ns

ns := time.parse_rfc3339_ns(value)

Returns the time in nanoseconds parsed from the string in RFC3339 format. undefined if the result would be outside the valid time range that can fit within an int64.

value
(string)
Returns:
ns
(number)
value in nanoseconds since epoch
SDK-dependent
time.weekday

day := time.weekday(x)

Returns the day of the week (Monday, Tuesday, …) for the nanoseconds since epoch.

x
(any<number, array<number, string>>)
a number representing the nanoseconds since the epoch (UTC); or a two-element array of the nanoseconds, and a timezone string
Returns:
day
(string)
the weekday represented by ns nanoseconds since the epoch in the supplied timezone (or UTC)
SDK-dependent
Multiple calls to the time.now_ns built-in function within a single policy evaluation query will always return the same value.

Timezones can be specified as

  • an IANA Time Zone string e.g. “America/New_York”
  • “UTC” or “”, which are equivalent to not passing a timezone (i.e. will return as UTC)
  • “Local”, which will use the local timezone.

Note that the opa executable will need access to the timezone files in the environment it is running in (see the Go time.LoadLocation() documentation for more information).

Cryptography

crypto.hmac.md5

y := crypto.hmac.md5(x, key)

Returns a string representing the MD5 HMAC of the input message using the input key.

x
(string)
input string
key
(string)
key to use
Returns:
y
(string)
MD5-HMAC of x
v0.36.0 SDK-dependent
crypto.hmac.sha1

y := crypto.hmac.sha1(x, key)

Returns a string representing the SHA1 HMAC of the input message using the input key.

x
(string)
input string
key
(string)
key to use
Returns:
y
(string)
SHA1-HMAC of x
v0.36.0 SDK-dependent
crypto.hmac.sha256

y := crypto.hmac.sha256(x, key)

Returns a string representing the SHA256 HMAC of the input message using the input key.

x
(string)
input string
key
(string)
key to use
Returns:
y
(string)
SHA256-HMAC of x
v0.36.0 SDK-dependent
crypto.hmac.sha512

y := crypto.hmac.sha512(x, key)

Returns a string representing the SHA512 HMAC of the input message using the input key.

x
(string)
input string
key
(string)
key to use
Returns:
y
(string)
SHA512-HMAC of x
v0.36.0 SDK-dependent
crypto.md5

y := crypto.md5(x)

Returns a string representing the input string hashed with the MD5 function

x
(string)
Returns:
y
(string)
MD5-hash of x
SDK-dependent
crypto.sha1

y := crypto.sha1(x)

Returns a string representing the input string hashed with the SHA1 function

x
(string)
Returns:
y
(string)
SHA1-hash of x
SDK-dependent
crypto.sha256

y := crypto.sha256(x)

Returns a string representing the input string hashed with the SHA256 function

x
(string)
Returns:
y
(string)
SHA256-hash of x
SDK-dependent
crypto.x509.parse_and_verify_certificates

output := crypto.x509.parse_and_verify_certificates(certs)

Returns one or more certificates from the given string containing PEM or base64 encoded DER certificates after verifying the supplied certificates form a complete certificate chain back to a trusted root.

The first certificate is treated as the root and the last is treated as the leaf, with all others being treated as intermediates.

certs
(string)
base64 encoded DER or PEM data containing two or more certificates where the first is a root CA, the last is a leaf certificate, and all others are intermediate CAs
Returns:
output
(array<boolean, array[object[string: any]]>)
array of [valid, certs]: if the input certificate chain could be verified then valid is true and certs is an array of X.509 certificates represented as objects; if the input certificate chain could not be verified then valid is false and certs is []
v0.31.0 SDK-dependent
crypto.x509.parse_certificate_request

output := crypto.x509.parse_certificate_request(csr)

Returns a PKCS #10 certificate signing request from the given PEM-encoded PKCS#10 certificate signing request.

csr
(string)
base64 string containing either a PEM encoded or DER CSR or a string containing a PEM CSR
Returns:
output
(object[string: any])
X.509 CSR represented as an object
v0.21.0 SDK-dependent
crypto.x509.parse_certificates

output := crypto.x509.parse_certificates(certs)

Returns one or more certificates from the given base64 encoded string containing DER encoded certificates that have been concatenated.

certs
(string)
base64 encoded DER or PEM data containing one or more certificates or a PEM string of one or more certificates
Returns:
output
(array[object[string: any]])
parsed X.509 certificates represented as objects
SDK-dependent
crypto.x509.parse_rsa_private_key

output := crypto.x509.parse_rsa_private_key(pem)

Returns a JWK for signing a JWT from the given PEM-encoded RSA private key.

pem
(string)
base64 string containing a PEM encoded RSA private key
Returns:
output
(object[string: any])
JWK as an object
v0.33.0 SDK-dependent

Graphs

graph.reachable

output := graph.reachable(graph, initial)

Computes the set of reachable nodes in the graph from a set of starting nodes.

graph
(object[any: any<array[any], set[any]>])
object containing a set or array of neighboring vertices
initial
(any<array[any], set[any]>)
set or array of root vertices
Returns:
output
(set[any])
set of vertices reachable from the initial vertices in the directed graph
graph.reachable_paths

output := graph.reachable_paths(graph, initial)

Computes the set of reachable paths in the graph from a set of starting nodes.

graph
(object[any: any<array[any], set[any]>])
object containing a set or array of root vertices
initial
(any<array[any], set[any]>)
initial paths
Returns:
output
(set[array[any]])
paths reachable from the initial vertices in the directed graph
v0.37.0 SDK-dependent
walk

walk(x, output)

Generates [path, value] tuples for all nested documents of x (recursively). Queries can use walk to traverse documents nested under x.

x
(any)
Returns:
output
(array<array[any], any>)
pairs of path and value: path is an array representing the pointer to value in x
Wasm

A common class of recursive rules can be reduced to a graph reachability problem, so graph.reachable is useful for more than just graph analysis. This usually requires some pre- and postprocessing. The following example shows you how to “flatten” a hierarchy of access permissions.

package graph_reachable_example

org_chart_data := {
  "ceo": {},
  "human_resources": {"owner": "ceo", "access": ["salaries", "complaints"]},
  "staffing": {"owner": "human_resources", "access": ["interviews"]},
  "internships": {"owner": "staffing", "access": ["blog"]}
}

org_chart_graph[entity_name] := edges {
  org_chart_data[entity_name]
  edges := {neighbor | org_chart_data[neighbor].owner == entity_name}
}

org_chart_permissions[entity_name] := access {
  org_chart_data[entity_name]
  reachable := graph.reachable(org_chart_graph, {entity_name})
  access := {item | reachable[k]; item := org_chart_data[k].access[_]}
}
org_chart_permissions[entity_name]
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
|    entity_name    |      org_chart_permissions[entity_name]       |
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+
| "ceo"             | ["blog","complaints","interviews","salaries"] |
| "human_resources" | ["blog","complaints","interviews","salaries"] |
| "internships"     | ["blog"]                                      |
| "staffing"        | ["blog","interviews"]                         |
+-------------------+-----------------------------------------------+

It may be useful to find all reachable paths from a root element. graph.reachable_paths can be used for this. Note that cyclical paths will terminate on the repeated node. If an element references a nonexistent element, the path will be terminated, and excludes the nonexistent node.

package graph_reachable_paths_example

path_data := {
    "aTop": [],
    "cMiddle": ["aTop"],
    "bBottom": ["cMiddle"],
    "dIgnored": []
}

all_paths[root] := paths {
    path_data[root]
    paths := graph.reachable_paths(path_data, {root})
}
all_paths[entity_name]
+-------------+--------------------------------+
| entity_name |     all_paths[entity_name]     |
+-------------+--------------------------------+
| "aTop"      | [["aTop"]]                     |
| "bBottom"   | [["bBottom","cMiddle","aTop"]] |
| "cMiddle"   | [["cMiddle","aTop"]]           |
| "dIgnored"  | [["dIgnored"]]                 |
+-------------+--------------------------------+

GraphQL

graphql.is_valid

output := graphql.is_valid(query, schema)

Checks that a GraphQL query is valid against a given schema.

query
(string)
schema
(string)
Returns:
output
(boolean)
true if the query is valid under the given schema. false otherwise.
v0.41.0 SDK-dependent
graphql.parse

output := graphql.parse(query, schema)

Returns AST objects for a given GraphQL query and schema after validating the query against the schema. Returns undefined if errors were encountered during parsing or validation.

query
(string)
schema
(string)
Returns:
output
(array<object[any: any], object[any: any]>)
output is of the form [query_ast, schema_ast]. If the GraphQL query is valid given the provided schema, then query_ast and schema_ast are objects describing the ASTs for the query and schema.
v0.41.0 SDK-dependent
graphql.parse_and_verify

output := graphql.parse_and_verify(query, schema)

Returns a boolean indicating success or failure alongside the parsed ASTs for a given GraphQL query and schema after validating the query against the schema.

query
(string)
schema
(string)
Returns:
output
(array<boolean, object[any: any], object[any: any]>)
output is of the form [valid, query_ast, schema_ast]. If the query is valid given the provided schema, then valid is true, and query_ast and schema_ast are objects describing the ASTs for the GraphQL query and schema. Otherwise, valid is false and query_ast and schema_ast are {}.
v0.41.0 SDK-dependent
graphql.parse_query

output := graphql.parse_query(query)

Returns an AST object for a GraphQL query.

query
(string)
Returns:
output
(object[any: any])
AST object for the GraphQL query.
v0.41.0 SDK-dependent
graphql.parse_schema

output := graphql.parse_schema(schema)

Returns an AST object for a GraphQL schema.

schema
(string)
Returns:
output
(object[any: any])
AST object for the GraphQL schema.
v0.41.0 SDK-dependent

Custom GraphQL @directive definitions defined by your GraphQL framework will need to be included manually as part of your GraphQL schema string in order for validation to work correctly on GraphQL queries using those directives.

Directives defined as part of the GraphQL specification (@skip, @include, @deprecated, and @specifiedBy) are supported by default, and do not need to be added to your schema manually.

GraphQL Custom @directive Example

New @directive definitions can be defined separately from your schema, so long as you concat them onto the schema definition before attempting to validate a query/schema using those custom directives. In the following example, a custom directive is defined, and then used in the schema to annotate an argument on one of the allowed query types.

package graphql_custom_directive_example

custom_directives := `
directive @customDeprecatedArgs(
  reason: String
) on ARGUMENT_DEFINITION
`

schema := `
type Query {
    foo(name: String! @customDeprecatedArgs(reason: "example reason")): String,
    bar: String!
}
`

query := `query { foo(name: "example") }`

p {
    graphql.is_valid(query,  concat("", [custom_directives, schema]))
}

HTTP

http.send

response := http.send(request)

Returns a HTTP response to the given HTTP request.

request
(object[string: any])
Returns:
response
(object[any: any])
SDK-dependent
This built-in function must not be used for effecting changes in external systems as OPA does not guarantee that the statement will be executed due to automatic performance optimizations that are applied during policy evaluation.

The request object parameter may contain the following fields:

FieldRequiredTypeDescription
urlyesstringHTTP URL to specify in the request (e.g., "https://www.openpolicyagent.org").
methodyesstringHTTP method to specify in request (e.g., "GET", "POST", "PUT", etc.)
bodynoanyHTTP message body to include in request. The value will be serialized to JSON.
raw_bodynostringHTTP message body to include in request. The value WILL NOT be serialized. Use this for non-JSON messages.
headersnoobjectHTTP headers to include in the request (e.g,. {"X-Opa": "rules"}).
enable_redirectnobooleanFollow HTTP redirects. Default: false.
force_json_decodenobooleanDecode the HTTP response message body as JSON even if the Content-Type header is missing. Default: false.
force_yaml_decodenobooleanDecode the HTTP response message body as YAML even if the Content-Type header is missing. Default: false.
tls_use_system_certsnobooleanUse the system certificate pool. Default: true when tls_ca_cert, tls_ca_cert_file, tls_ca_cert_env_variable are unset. Ignored on Windows due to the system certificate pool not being accessible in the same way as it is for other platforms.
tls_ca_certnostringString containing a root certificate in PEM encoded format.
tls_ca_cert_filenostringPath to file containing a root certificate in PEM encoded format.
tls_ca_cert_env_variablenostringEnvironment variable containing a root certificate in PEM encoded format.
tls_client_certnostringString containing a client certificate in PEM encoded format.
tls_client_cert_filenostringPath to file containing a client certificate in PEM encoded format.
tls_client_cert_env_variablenostringEnvironment variable containing a client certificate in PEM encoded format.
tls_client_keynostringString containing a key in PEM encoded format.
tls_client_key_filenostringPath to file containing a key in PEM encoded format.
tls_client_key_env_variablenostringEnvironment variable containing a client key in PEM encoded format.
timeoutnostring or numberTimeout for the HTTP request with a default of 5 seconds (5s). Numbers provided are in nanoseconds. Strings must be a valid duration string where a duration string is a possibly signed sequence of decimal numbers, each with optional fraction and a unit suffix, such as “300ms”, “-1.5h” or “2h45m”. Valid time units are “ns”, “us” (or “µs”), “ms”, “s”, “m”, “h”. A zero timeout means no timeout.
tls_insecure_skip_verifynoboolAllows for skipping TLS verification when calling a network endpoint. Not recommended for production.
tls_server_namenostringSets the hostname that is sent in the client Server Name Indication and that be will be used for server certificate validation. If this is not set, the value of the Host header (if present) will be used. If neither are set, the host name from the requested URL is used.
cachenobooleanCache HTTP response across OPA queries. Default: false.
force_cachenobooleanCache HTTP response across OPA queries and override cache directives defined by the server. Default: false.
force_cache_duration_secondsnonumberIf force_cache is set, this field specifies the duration in seconds for the freshness of a cached response.
caching_modenostringControls the format in which items are inserted into the inter-query cache. Allowed modes are serialized and deserialized. In the serialized mode, items will be serialized before inserting into the cache. This mode is helpful if memory conservation is preferred over higher latency during cache lookup. This is the default mode. In the deserialized mode, an item will be inserted in the cache without any serialization. This means when items are fetched from the cache, there won’t be a need to decode them. This mode helps to make the cache lookup faster at the expense of more memory consumption. If this mode is enabled, the configured caching.inter_query_builtin_cache.max_size_bytes value will be ignored. This means an unlimited cache size will be assumed.
raise_errornoboolIf raise_error is set, errors returned by http.send will halt policy evaluation. Default: true.

If the Host header is included in headers, its value will be used as the Host header of the request. The url parameter will continue to specify the server to connect to.

When sending HTTPS requests with client certificates at least one the following combinations must be included

  • tls_client_cert and tls_client_key
  • tls_client_cert_file and tls_client_key_file
  • tls_client_cert_env_variable and tls_client_key_env_variable
To validate TLS server certificates, the user must also provide trusted root CA certificates through the tls_ca_cert, tls_ca_cert_file and tls_ca_cert_env_variable fields. If the tls_use_system_certs field is true, the system certificate pool will be used as well as any additional CA certificates.

The response object parameter will contain the following fields:

FieldTypeDescription
statusstringHTTP status message (e.g., "200 OK").
status_codenumberHTTP status code (e.g., 200). If raise_error is false, this field will be set to 0 if http.send encounters an error.
bodyanyAny value. If the HTTP response message body was not deserialized from JSON or YAML (by force or via the expected Content-Type headers application/json; or application/yaml or application/x-yaml), this field is set to null.
raw_bodystringThe entire raw HTTP response message body represented as a string.
headersobjectAn object containing the response headers. The values will be an array of strings, repeated headers are grouped under the same keys with all values in the array.
errorobjectIf raise_error is false, this field will represent the error encountered while running http.send. The error object contains a message key which holds the actual error message and a code key which represents if the error was caused due to a network issue or during policy evaluation.

By default, an error returned by http.send halts the policy evaluation. This behaviour can be altered such that instead of halting evaluation, if http.send encounters an error, it can return a response object with status_code set to 0 and error describing the actual error. This can be activated by setting the raise_error field in the request object to false.

If the cache field in the request object is true, http.send will return a cached response after it checks its freshness and validity.

http.send uses the Cache-Control and Expires response headers to check the freshness of the cached response. Specifically if the max-age Cache-Control directive is set, http.send will use it to determine if the cached response is fresh or not. If max-age is not set, the Expires header will be used instead.

If the cached response is stale, http.send uses the Etag and Last-Modified response headers to check with the server if the cached response is in fact still fresh. If the server responds with a 200 (OK) response, http.send will update the cache with the new response. On a 304 (Not Modified) server response, http.send will update the headers in cached response with their corresponding values in the 304 response.

The force_cache field can be used to override the cache directives defined by the server. This field is used in conjunction with the force_cache_duration_seconds field. If force_cache is true, then force_cache_duration_seconds must be specified and http.send will use this value to check the freshness of the cached response.

Also, if force_cache is true, it overrides the cache field.

http.send uses the Date response header to calculate the current age of the response by comparing it with the current time. This value is used to determine the freshness of the cached response. As per https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-7.1.1.2, an origin server MUST NOT send a Date header field if it does not have a clock capable of providing a reasonable approximation of the current instance in Coordinated Universal Time. Hence, if http.send encounters a scenario where current age of the response is represented as a negative duration, the cached response will be considered as stale.

The table below shows examples of calling http.send:

ExampleComments
Accessing Google using System Cert Poolhttp.send({"method": "get", "url": "https://www.google.com", "tls_use_system_certs": true })
Files containing TLS materialhttp.send({"method": "get", "url": "https://127.0.0.1:65331", "tls_ca_cert_file": "testdata/ca.pem", "tls_client_cert_file": "testdata/client-cert.pem", "tls_client_key_file": "testdata/client-key.pem"})
Environment variables containing TLS materialhttp.send({"method": "get", "url": "https://127.0.0.1:65360", "tls_ca_cert_env_variable": "CLIENT_CA_ENV", "tls_client_cert_env_variable": "CLIENT_CERT_ENV", "tls_client_key_env_variable": "CLIENT_KEY_ENV"})
Unix Socket URL Formathttp.send({"method": "get", "url": "unix://localhost/?socket=%F2path%F2file.socket"})

Net

net.cidr_contains

result := net.cidr_contains(cidr, cidr_or_ip)

Checks if a CIDR or IP is contained within another CIDR. output is true if cidr_or_ip (e.g. 127.0.0.64/26 or 127.0.0.1) is contained within cidr (e.g. 127.0.0.1/24) and false otherwise. Supports both IPv4 and IPv6 notations.

cidr
(string)
cidr_or_ip
(string)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
Wasm
net.cidr_contains_matches

output := net.cidr_contains_matches(cidrs, cidrs_or_ips)

Checks if collections of cidrs or ips are contained within another collection of cidrs and returns matches. This function is similar to net.cidr_contains except it allows callers to pass collections of CIDRs or IPs as arguments and returns the matches (as opposed to a boolean result indicating a match between two CIDRs/IPs).

cidrs
(any<string, array[any<string, array[any]>], object[string: any<string, array[any]>], set[any<string, array[any]>]>)
cidrs_or_ips
(any<string, array[any<string, array[any]>], object[string: any<string, array[any]>], set[any<string, array[any]>]>)
Returns:
output
(set[array<any, any>])
tuples identifying matches where cidrs_or_ips are contained within cidrs
v0.19.0-rc1 SDK-dependent
net.cidr_expand

hosts := net.cidr_expand(cidr)

Expands CIDR to set of hosts (e.g., net.cidr_expand("192.168.0.0/30") generates 4 hosts: {"192.168.0.0", "192.168.0.1", "192.168.0.2", "192.168.0.3"}).

cidr
(string)
Returns:
hosts
(set[string])
set of IP addresses the CIDR cidr expands to
SDK-dependent
net.cidr_intersects

result := net.cidr_intersects(cidr1, cidr2)

Checks if a CIDR intersects with another CIDR (e.g. 192.168.0.0/16 overlaps with 192.168.1.0/24). Supports both IPv4 and IPv6 notations.

cidr1
(string)
cidr2
(string)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
Wasm
net.cidr_merge

output := net.cidr_merge(addrs)

Merges IP addresses and subnets into the smallest possible list of CIDRs (e.g., net.cidr_merge(["192.0.128.0/24", "192.0.129.0/24"]) generates {"192.0.128.0/23"}.This function merges adjacent subnets where possible, those contained within others and also removes any duplicates. Supports both IPv4 and IPv6 notations. IPv6 inputs need a prefix length (e.g. “/128”).

addrs
(any<array[any<string>], set[string]>)
CIDRs or IP addresses
Returns:
output
(set[string])
smallest possible set of CIDRs obtained after merging the provided list of IP addresses and subnets in addrs
v0.24.0 SDK-dependent
net.cidr_overlap

:= net.cidr_overlap(, )

(string)
(string)
Returns:
(boolean)
Wasm
net.lookup_ip_addr

addrs := net.lookup_ip_addr(name)

Returns the set of IP addresses (both v4 and v6) that the passed-in name resolves to using the standard name resolution mechanisms available.

name
(string)
domain name to resolve
Returns:
addrs
(set[string])
IP addresses (v4 and v6) that name resolves to
v0.35.0 SDK-dependent

Notes on Name Resolution (net.lookup_ip_addr)

The lookup mechanism uses either the pure-Go, or the cgo-based resolver, depending on the operating system and availability of cgo. The latter depends on flags that can be provided when building OPA as a Go library, and can be adjusted at runtime via the GODEBUG enviroment variable. See these docs on the net package for details.

Note that the cgo-based resolver is often preferrable: It will take advantage of host-based DNS caching in place. This built-in function only caches DNS lookups within a single policy evaluation.

Examples of net.cidr_contains_matches

The output := net.cidr_contains_matches(a, b) function allows callers to supply strings, arrays, sets, or objects for either a or b. The output value in all cases is a set of tuples (2-element arrays) that identify matches, i.e., elements of b contained by elements of a. The first tuple element refers to the match in a and the second tuple element refers to the match in b.

Input TypeOutput Type
stringstring
arrayarray index
setset element
objectobject key

If both operands are string values the function is similar to net.cidr_contains.

net.cidr_contains_matches("1.1.1.0/24", "1.1.1.128")
[
  [
    "1.1.1.0/24",
    "1.1.1.128"
  ]
]

Either (or both) operand(s) may be an array, set, or object.

net.cidr_contains_matches(["1.1.1.0/24", "1.1.2.0/24"], "1.1.1.128")
[
  [
    0,
    "1.1.1.128"
  ]
]

The array/set/object elements may be arrays. In that case, the first element must be a valid CIDR/IP.

net.cidr_contains_matches([["1.1.0.0/16", "foo"], "1.1.2.0/24"], ["1.1.1.128", ["1.1.254.254", "bar"]])
[
  [
    0,
    0
  ],
  [
    0,
    1
  ]
]

If the operand is a set, the outputs are matching elements. If the operand is an object, the outputs are matching keys.

net.cidr_contains_matches({["1.1.0.0/16", "foo"], "1.1.2.0/24"}, {"x": "1.1.1.128", "y": ["1.1.254.254", "bar"]})
[
  [
    [
      "1.1.0.0/16",
      "foo"
    ],
    "x"
  ],
  [
    [
      "1.1.0.0/16",
      "foo"
    ],
    "y"
  ]
]

UUID

uuid.rfc4122

output := uuid.rfc4122(k)

Returns a new UUIDv4.

k
(string)
Returns:
output
(string)
a version 4 UUID; for any given k, the output will be consistent throughout a query evaluation
v0.20.0 SDK-dependent

Semantic Versions

semver.compare

result := semver.compare(a, b)

Compares valid SemVer formatted version strings.

a
(string)
b
(string)
Returns:
result
(number)
-1 if a < b; 1 if a > b; 0 if a == b
v0.22.0 SDK-dependent
semver.is_valid

result := semver.is_valid(vsn)

Validates that the input is a valid SemVer string.

vsn
(any)
Returns:
result
(boolean)
true if vsn is a valid SemVer; false otherwise
v0.22.0 SDK-dependent

Rego

rego.metadata.chain

chain := rego.metadata.chain()

Returns the chain of metadata for the active rule. Ordered starting at the active rule, going outward to the most distant node in its package ancestry. A chain entry is a JSON document with two members: “path”, an array representing the path of the node; and “annotations”, a JSON document containing the annotations declared for the node. The first entry in the chain always points to the active rule, even if it has no declared annotations (in which case the “annotations” member is not present).

Returns:
chain
(array[any])
each array entry represents a node in the path ancestry (chain) of the active rule that also has declared annotations
v0.40.0 SDK-dependent
rego.metadata.rule

output := rego.metadata.rule()

Returns annotations declared for the active rule and using the rule scope.

Returns:
output
(any)
“rule” scope annotations for this rule; empty object if no annotations exist
v0.40.0 SDK-dependent
rego.parse_module

output := rego.parse_module(filename, rego)

Parses the input Rego string and returns an object representation of the AST.

filename
(string)
file name to attach to AST nodes’ locations
rego
(string)
Rego module
Returns:
output
(object[string: any])
SDK-dependent

Example

Given the input document

{
    "number": 11,
    "subject": {
        "name": "John doe",
        "role": "customer"
    }
}

the following policy

package example

# METADATA
# title: Deny invalid numbers
# description: Numbers may not be higher than 5
# custom:
#  severity: MEDIUM
deny[format(rego.metadata.rule())] {
    input.number > 5
}

# METADATA
# title: Deny non-admin subjects
# description: Subject must have the 'admin' role
# custom:
#  severity: HIGH
deny[format(rego.metadata.rule())] {
    input.subject.role != "admin"
}

format(meta) := {"severity": meta.custom.severity, "reason": meta.description}

will output

deny
[
  {
    "reason": "Numbers may not be higher than 5",
    "severity": "MEDIUM"
  },
  {
    "reason": "Subject must have the 'admin' role",
    "severity": "HIGH"
  }
]

Metadata Merge strategies

When multiple annotations are declared along the path ancestry (chain) for a rule, how any given annotation should be selected, inherited or merged depends on the semantics of the annotation, the context of the rule, and the preferences of the developer. OPA doesn’t presume what merge strategy is appropriate; instead, this lies in the hands of the developer. The following example demonstrates how some string and list type annotations in a metadata chain can be merged into a single metadata object.

# METADATA
# title: My Example Package
# description: A set of rules illustrating how metadata annotations can be merged.
# authors:
# - John Doe <john@example.com>
# organizations:
# - Acme Corp.
package example

import future.keywords.in

# METADATA
# scope: document
# description: A rule that merges metadata annotations in various ways.

# METADATA
# title: My Allow Rule
# authors:
# - Jane Doe <jane@example.com>
allow {
    meta := merge(rego.metadata.chain())
    meta.title == "My Allow Rule"                                                  # 'title' pulled from 'rule' scope
    meta.description == "A rule that merges metadata annotations in various ways." # 'description' pulled from 'document' scope
    meta.authors == {                                                              # 'authors' joined from 'package' and 'rule' scopes
        {"email": "jane@example.com", "name": "Jane Doe"},
        {"email": "john@example.com", "name": "John Doe"}
    }
    meta.organizations == {"Acme Corp."}                                           # 'organizations' pulled from 'package' scope
}

allow {
    meta := merge(rego.metadata.chain())
    meta.title == null                                                             # No 'title' present in 'rule' or 'document' scopes
    meta.description == "A rule that merges metadata annotations in various ways." # 'description' pulled from 'document' scope
    meta.authors == {                                                              # 'authors' pulled from 'package' scope
        {"email": "john@example.com", "name": "John Doe"}
    }
    meta.organizations == {"Acme Corp."}                                           # 'organizations' pulled from 'package' scope
}

merge(chain) := meta {
    ruleAndDoc := ["rule", "document"]
    meta := {
        "title": override_annot(chain, "title", ruleAndDoc),                         # looks for 'title' in 'rule' scope, then 'document' scope
        "description": override_annot(chain, "description", ruleAndDoc),             # looks for 'description' in 'rule' scope, then 'document' scope
        "related_resources": override_annot(chain, "related_resources", ruleAndDoc), # looks for 'related_resources' in 'rule' scope, then 'document' scope
        "authors": merge_annot(chain, "authors"),                                    # merges all 'authors' across all scopes
        "organizations": merge_annot(chain, "organizations"),                        # merges all 'organizations' across all scopes
    }
}

override_annot(chain, name, scopes) := val {
    val := [v |
        link := chain[_]
        link.annotations.scope in scopes
        v := link.annotations[name]
    ][0]
} else := null

merge_annot(chain, name) := val {
    val := {v |
        v := chain[_].annotations[name][_]
    }
} else := null

OPA

opa.runtime

output := opa.runtime()

Returns an object that describes the runtime environment where OPA is deployed.

Returns:
output
(object[string: any])
includes a config key if OPA was started with a configuration file; an env key containing the environment variables that the OPA process was started with; includes version and commit keys containing the version and build commit of OPA.
SDK-dependent
Policies that depend on the output of opa.runtime may return different answers depending on how OPA was started. If possible, prefer using an explicit input or data value instead of opa.runtime.

Debugging

Built-inDescriptionDetails
print(...)print is used to output the values of variables for debugging purposes. print calls have no affect on the result of queries or rules. All variables passed to print must be assigned inside of the query or rule. If any of the print arguments are undefined, their values are represented as <undefined> in the output stream. Because policies can be invoked via different interfaces (e.g., CLI, HTTP API, etc.) the exact output format differs. See the table below for details.
v0.34.0 SDK-dependent
APIOutputMemo
opa evalstderr
opa run (REPL)stderr
opa teststdoutSpecify -v to see output for passing tests. Output for failing tests is displayed automatically.
opa run -s (server)stderrSpecify --log-level=info (default) or higher. Output is sent to the log stream. Use --log-format=text for pretty output.
Go (library)io.Writerhttps://pkg.go.dev/github.com/open-policy-agent/opa/rego#example-Rego-Print_statements

Tracing

trace

result := trace(note)

Emits note as a Note event in the query explanation. Query explanations show the exact expressions evaluated by OPA during policy execution. For example, trace("Hello There!") includes Note "Hello There!" in the query explanation. To include variables in the message, use sprintf. For example, person := "Bob"; trace(sprintf("Hello There! %v", [person])) will emit Note "Hello There! Bob" inside of the explanation.

note
(string)
the note to include
Returns:
result
(boolean)
always true
SDK-dependent

By default, explanations are disabled. The following table summarizes how you can enable tracing:

APIParameterExampleMemo
CLI--explainopa eval --explain=notes --format=pretty 'trace("hello world")'
HTTPexplain=notescurl localhost:8181/v1/data/example/allow?explain=notes&pretty
REPLnotesn/aThe “notes” command enables trace explanations. See help for more details.

Reserved Names

The following words are reserved and cannot be used as variable names, rule names, or dot-access style reference arguments:

as
default
else
false
import
package
not
null
some
true
with

Grammar

Rego’s syntax is defined by the following grammar:

module          = package { import } policy
package         = "package" ref
import          = "import" ref [ "as" var ]
policy          = { rule }
rule            = [ "default" ] rule-head { rule-body }
rule-head       = var ( rule-head-set | rule-head-obj | rule-head-func | rule-head-comp | "if" )
rule-head-comp  = [ assign-operator term ] [ "if" ]
rule-head-obj   = "[" term "]" [ assign-operator term ] [ "if" ]
rule-head-func  = "(" rule-args ")" [ assign-operator term ] [ "if" ]
rule-head-set   = "contains" term [ "if" ] | "[" term "]"
rule-args       = term { "," term }
rule-body       = [ "else" [ assign-operator term ] ] ( "{" query "}" ) | literal
query           = literal { ( ";" | ( [CR] LF ) ) literal }
literal         = ( some-decl | expr | "not" expr ) { with-modifier }
with-modifier   = "with" term "as" term
some-decl       = "some" term { "," term } { "in" expr }
expr            = term | expr-call | expr-infix | expr-every | expr-parens | unary-expr
expr-call       = var [ "." var ] "(" [ expr { "," expr } ] ")"
expr-infix      = expr infix-operator expr
expr-every      = "every" var { "," var } "in" ( term | expr-call | expr-infix ) "{" query "}"
expr-parens     = "(" expr ")"
unary-expr      = "-" expr
membership      = term [ "," term ] "in" term
term            = ref | var | scalar | array | object | set | membership | array-compr | object-compr | set-compr
array-compr     = "[" term "|" query "]"
set-compr       = "{" term "|" query "}"
object-compr    = "{" object-item "|" query "}"
infix-operator  = assign-operator | bool-operator | arith-operator | bin-operator
bool-operator   = "==" | "!=" | "<" | ">" | ">=" | "<="
arith-operator  = "+" | "-" | "*" | "/"
bin-operator    = "&" | "|"
assign-operator = ":=" | "="
ref             = ( var | array | object | set | array-compr | object-compr | set-compr | expr-call ) { ref-arg }
ref-arg         = ref-arg-dot | ref-arg-brack
ref-arg-brack   = "[" ( scalar | var | array | object | set | "_" ) "]"
ref-arg-dot     = "." var
var             = ( ALPHA | "_" ) { ALPHA | DIGIT | "_" }
scalar          = string | NUMBER | TRUE | FALSE | NULL
string          = STRING | raw-string
raw-string      = "`" { CHAR-"`" } "`"
array           = "[" term { "," term } "]"
object          = "{" object-item { "," object-item } "}"
object-item     = ( scalar | ref | var ) ":" term
set             = empty-set | non-empty-set
non-empty-set   = "{" term { "," term } "}"
empty-set       = "set(" ")"

Note that the grammar corresponds to Rego with all future keywords enabled.

The grammar defined above makes use of the following syntax. See the Wikipedia page on EBNF for more details:

[]     optional (zero or one instances)
{}     repetition (zero or more instances)
|      alternation (one of the instances)
()     grouping (order of expansion)
STRING JSON string
NUMBER JSON number
TRUE   JSON true
FALSE  JSON false
NULL   JSON null
CHAR   Unicode character
ALPHA  ASCII characters A-Z and a-z
DIGIT  ASCII characters 0-9
CR     Carriage Return
LF     Line Feed